Evidence from Type Ia Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and Dark Energy

I review the use of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) for cosmological distance determinations. Low-redshift SNe Ia (z . 0.1) demonstrate that the Hubble expansion is linear, that H0 = 65± 2 (statistical) km s−1 Mpc−1, and that the properties of dust in other galaxies are similar to those of dust in the Milky Way. The light curves of high-redshift (z = 0.3–1) SNe Ia are stretched in a manner consistent with the expansion of space; similarly, their spectra exhibit slower temporal evolution (by a factor of 1 + z) than those of nearby SNe Ia. The measured luminosity distances of SNe Ia as a function of redshift have shown that the expansion of the Universe is currently accelerating, probably due to the presence of repulsive dark energy such as Einstein’s cosmological constant (Λ). Combining our data with existing measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation and with the results of large-scale structure surveys, we find a best fit for Ωm and ΩΛ of about 0.3 and 0.7, respectively. Other studies (e.g., masses of clusters of galaxies) also suggest that Ωm ≈ 0.3. The sum of the densities, ∼ 1.0, agrees with the value predicted by most inflationary models for the early Universe: the Universe is flat on large scales. A number of possible systematic effects (dust, supernova evolution) thus far do not seem to eliminate the need for ΩΛ > 0. Most recently, analyses of SNe Ia at z = 1.0 − 1.7 provide further support for current acceleration, and give tentative evidence for an early epoch of deceleration. Current projects include the search for additional SNe Ia at z > 1 to confirm the early deceleration, and the measurement of a few hundred SNe Ia at z = 0.2 − 0.8 to determine the equation of state of the dark energy, w = P/(ρc2).